Abstract This article proposes a psychoanalytic reading of the Italian comic trio Aldo, Giovanni, and Giacomo through the structural model of the psyche developed by Sigmund Freud in his second topography (1923). The three characters are interpreted as archetypal representations of the psychic agencies of the Id, Superego, and Ego, offering a clinically informed and accessible framework for understanding intrapsychic conflict, defense mechanisms, and the reality principle. In

A year of discoveries reshaping our understanding of human development and mental health General Introduction The year 2025 represented a major turning point for psychology, marking an increasingly clear convergence between empirical research, digital technology, neuroscience, and the social sciences. The evidence emerging this year not only refined well-established theoretical models but also challenged long-standing assumptions about the nature of mental disorders, human de