Abstract Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) represent two clinically distinct responses to traumatic experience. Although they share some symptomatological features, they differ substantially in etiology, clinical presentation, impact on global functioning, and therapeutic implications. This article examines the theoretical and empirical foundations of this distinction, with reference to the major international nosographic systems (ICD-11, DSM-5-TR

Introduction Psychodynamic psychology represents one of the most influential and fascinating approaches to the study of the human mind. Born from the revolutionary insights of Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth century, this perspective has profoundly transformed not only psychology and psychiatry, but also culture, art, and the very way we understand ourselves and others. But what exactly does "psychodynamic" mean? The term derives from the idea that mental functioning is